Economics of Disability Research Report #4: Estimates of the Prevalence of Disability, Employment Rates, and Median Household Size-Adjusted Income for People with Disabilities Aged 18 though 64 in the United States by State, 1980 through 2000

This report replicates Economics of Disability Reports 1, 2, and 3, with some minor changes. These reports contain the prevalence of a disability, employment rates, and median household size-adjusted income between states over the 1980s and 1990s. In response to the requests of state officials to generate statistics that reflect the population they serve, this report includes people aged 18 through 64 rather than people aged 25 through 61. The new age group is more likely to include those who enter the labor force after high school, during college, and post-college as well as those people who have decided not to take early retirement. In addition, at the request of state officials, the statistics in this report are not separated by gender because most government agencies do not make a strong distinction between men and women, even though men and women face different labor market conditions. This report uses data from the March Current Population Survey to estimate the prevalence of a disability, employment rate, and median household size-adjusted income among the non-institutionalized working-age (aged 18 through 64) civilian population in the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia for the survey years 1981 through 2000 and income/employment years 1980 through 1999. Two definitions of disability that are commonly used in the literature—work limitation and work disability—are utilized. The prevalence of a work limitation and work disability varies greatly across states and over time. The employment rate of persons with work limitations relative to that of persons without a disability varies greatly across states. However, over the last 20 years the relative employment rate of those with work limitations dramatically declined overall and in most states. Consequently, the decrease in the relative employment rate for persons with work limitations induced the growth in the median household size-adjusted income of those with work limitations

Emerson\u27s Hidden Influence: What Can Spinoza Tell the Boy?

Scholarship on Emerson to date has not considered Spinoza’s influence upon his thought. Indeed, from his lifetime until the twentieth century, Emerson’s friends and disciples engaged in a concerted cover-up because of Spinoza’s hated name. However, Emerson mentioned his respect and admiration of Spinoza in his journals, letters, lectures, and essays, and Emerson’s thought clearly shows an importation of ideas central to Spinoza’s system of metaphysics, ethics, and biblical hermeneutics. In this essay, I undertake a biographical and philosophical study in order to show the extent of Spinoza’s influence on Emerson and how this changes the traditional understanding of Emerson’s thought

Curing \u3cem\u3eCablevision\u3c/em\u3e: Prescribing a Functional Solution to a Technical Astigmatism

In a string of recent copyright cases, judges have increasingly adopted a technical approach to copyright law. Rather than evaluating contested technologies based on how the technologies are used, courts have focused their analysis on technical details of implementation. As a consequence, courts have constructed rules that limit technologies not in what they do, but how they do it. In this Article, I argue that courts should evaluate technologies based on functional considerations. I argue that this functional approach is constitutionally, statutorily, and practically preferable to a technical approach. Finally, I show that a functional approach would lead to decisions that are clearer, easier to understand, and better-reasoned

Comment on covariant Stora--Zumino chain terms

In a recent paper, Ekstrand proposed a simple expression from which covariant anomaly, covariant Schwinger term and higher covariant chain terms may be computed. We comment on the relation of his result to the earlier work of Tsutsui.Comment: Latex file, no figure

Addressing current challenges in cancer immunotherapy with mathematical and computational modeling

The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to boost a patient's immune response to a tumor. Yet, the design of an effective immunotherapy is complicated by various factors, including a potentially immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, immune-modulating effects of conventional treatments, and therapy-related toxicities. These complexities can be incorporated into mathematical and computational models of cancer immunotherapy that can then be used to aid in rational therapy design. In this review, we survey modeling approaches under the umbrella of the major challenges facing immunotherapy development, which encompass tumor classification, optimal treatment scheduling, and combination therapy design. Although overlapping, each challenge has presented unique opportunities for modelers to make contributions using analytical and numerical analysis of model outcomes, as well as optimization algorithms. We discuss several examples of models that have grown in complexity as more biological information has become available, showcasing how model development is a dynamic process interlinked with the rapid advances in tumor-immune biology. We conclude the review with recommendations for modelers both with respect to methodology and biological direction that might help keep modelers at the forefront of cancer immunotherapy development.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of the Royal Society Interfac

Particle production at very low and intermediate transverse momenta in d+Au and Au+Au collisions

The transverse momentum spectra of identified charged particles have been measured at very low and intermediate transverse momenta in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 62.4 GeV and d+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV using the PHOBOS detector at RHIC. New results on charged particle production at very low p_T in central Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_{NN) = 200 GeV in the centrality intervals 0-6% and 6-15% are presented. A comparison of the PHOBOS low-p_T data with predictions of a recent optical model is shown. The shapes of m_T spectra for d+Au and Au+Au collisions are compared.Comment: Presented at the 18th International Conference on Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Quark Matter 2005, Budapest, Hungary, Aug. 4-9, 200

Optimal tempo and defence for consumers of multiple resources

Journal ArticleEcological models of behaviour are typically based on the assumption that decisions can be evaluated with a single resource currency. Here we present models that predict the tactics of consumers collecting two nutritionally distinct resources: fuel that is used for activity and food used for growth (F4G). Both models assume that foragers seek to maximize F4G gain subject to collecting enough fuel for activity

Effects from the charm scale in K+ -> pi+ nu nubar

We consider contributions to the rare decay K+ -> pi+ nu nubar which become nonlocal at the charm scale. Compared to the leading term, such amplitudes are suppressed by two powers of mK/mc and could potentially give corrections at the level of 15%. We compute the leading coefficients of the subleading dimension eight operators in the effective theory below the charm mass. The matrix elements of these operators cannot all be calculated from first principles and some must be modeled. We find that these contributions are likely to be small, but the estimate is sufficiently uncertain that the result may be as large as the existing theoretical uncertainty from other sources.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures; Eq. (15) fixed, all results and conclusions unaltere